TINJAUAN SISTEMATIS :  EFEKTIVITAS LATIHAN FISIK DALAM MENGURANGI NYERI PUNGGUNG BAWAH PADA LANSIA: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE IN REDUCING LOWER BACK PAIN IN THE ELDERLY

Sunaryo Joko Waluyo; Sutriyono Suyanto

doi:10.53599/jip.v6i1.229

Authors

Sunaryo Joko Waluyo Politeknik Insan Husada Surakarta
Sutriyono Suyanto Politeknik Insan Husada Surakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53599/jip.v6i1.229

Keywords:

latihan fisik, nyeri punggung bawah dan lansia, Physical exercise, lower back pain and elderly

Abstract

Abstrak

Pendahuluan: Nyeri punggung bawah merupakan masalah kesehatan umum pada lanjut usia yang dapat mengurangi kualitas hidup. Latihan fisik telah diusulkan untuk meringankan nyeri punggung bawah melalui berbagai mekanisme fisiologis. Tinjauan sistematis ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas program latihan fisik dalam mengurangi nyeri punggung bawah pada lansia.

Metode: Pencarian literatur menggunakan kata kunci terkait "latihan fisik, nyeri punggung bawah dan lansia" pada basis data Google Scholar, PubMed, dan BASE. Studi yang diterbitkan antara 2021-2022 dengan desain eksperimental atau observasional yang membandingkan kelompok intervensi latihan fisik dan kontrol pada partisipan lansia. Outcome utama adalah perubahan skor intensitas nyeri punggung bawah.

Hasil: Sebanyak 10 studi yang melibatkan 703 partisipan lansia dianalisis. Lima uji klinis acak dan dua studi pre-post menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan dalam mengurangi skor nyeri antara kelompok latihan dan kontrol (p<0,05). Empat studi lain menemukan peningkatan mobilitas dan rentang gerak yang signifikan pada kelompok latihan.

Pembahasan: Temuan ini mendukung hipotesis bahwa berbagai program latihan fisik dapat secara signifikan mengurangi nyeri punggung bawah pada lansia. Hasil konsisten dengan teori neuroplastisitas, remodelling tulang rawan, dan modulasi sistem saraf otonom oleh latihan. Perbandingan dengan penelitian terdahulu juga menunjukkan konsistensi. Mekanisme potensial pengurangan nyeri meliputi peningkatan kekuatan otot, perbaikan postur, peningkatan fleksibilitas, dan peningkatan sirkulasi darah.

Kesimpulan: Secara keseluruhan, tinjauan sistematis ini memberikan bukti bahwa latihan melalui peregangan, ketahanan, stabilisasi lumbal, kombinasi, dan "aquatic" efektif untuk meringankan nyeri punggung bawah pada lansia. Integrasi berbagai jenis latihan harus dipertimbangkan dalam program kesehatan berbasis masyarakat dan klinis yang menargetkan pencegahan dan penanganan nyeri punggung bawah pada lansia.

Abstract

Introduction: Lower back pain is a common health issue among the elderly that can reduce quality of life. Physical exercise has been proposed as a means to alleviate lower back pain through various physiological mechanisms. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercise programs in reducing lower back pain in the elderly.

Method: Literature search was conducted using relevant keywords "physical exercise, lower back pain, and elderly" on Google Scholar, PubMed, and BASE databases. Studies published between 2021-2022 with experimental or observational designs comparing physical exercise intervention groups to control groups among elderly participants were included. The primary outcome was the change in lower back pain intensity scores.

Results: A total of 10 studies involving 703 elderly participants were analyzed. Five randomized controlled trials and two pre-post studies showed significant differences in reducing pain scores between the exercise and control groups (p<0.05). Four other studies found significant improvements in mobility and range of motion in the exercise group.

Discussion: These findings support the hypothesis that various physical exercise programs can significantly reduce lower back pain in the elderly. The results are consistent with the theories of neuroplasticity, cartilage remodeling, and modulation of the autonomic nervous system through exercise. Comparisons with previous research also demonstrate consistency. Potential mechanisms for pain reduction include increased muscle strength, improved posture, enhanced flexibility, and improved blood circulation.

Conclusion: Overall, this systematic review provides evidence that exercises involving stretching, endurance, lumbar stabilization, combination, and aquatic exercises are effective in alleviating lower back pain in the elderly. The integration of various types of exercises should be considered in community-based and clinical health programs targeting the prevention and management of lower back pain in the elderly

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